Back end: The final phase of compilation, where the program is translated from the compiler’s intermédiate representation into operations for the target: machine.Compiler: A program that translates an executable program from one form to another.Constant propagation: An optimization that discovers, at compile time, expressions that must have known constant values, evaluates them, and replaces their run-time evaluation with the appropriate value.Data-flow analysis: A collection of techniques for ....

